Blast injuries 8- Prehospital management 9- Hospital management 10- References (Official websites or official medical journals). 4- Triage and identification of compartment syndrome5- Signs and symptoms 6- complications if not treated or if treatment delayed 7- Causes of compartment syndrome. 3- Pathophysiology of compartment syndrome. Important Instructions: 1- Very brief points in the slides (not detailed, the details in the brief description for each slide in Microsoft word)2- Include pictures in each slide (Some slides may not need pics) Outline of the slides: 1- What is Compartment syndrome? 2- Past events (disasters or mass casualty incidents) included compartment syndrome with some statistics. Adjusting for the covariates of PEEP and TV, the hazard ratio of pneumothorax was 1.71 (P=0.21), hazard ratio of TV was 1.00 (P=0.11) and hazard ratio of PEEP was 1.03 (P=0.36).Power point about Compartment Syndrome, 15-20 slides with a brief description for each slide in Microsoft word. Without adjusting for additional covariates, the hazard ratio of pneumothorax was 1.99 (P=0.08). To evaluate the effects intubation time on the rate of pneumothorax, we performed a Cox regression model analyzing pneumothorax as the time-dependent covariate. Average TV were 405.7 mL and 393.1 mL for patients with and without pneumothorax respectively (P=0.40). There was no difference in average PEEP between the groups, with values of 12.1 and 13.3 cm H 2O for patients with and without pneumothorax, respectively (P=0.31). ![]() Patients with pneumothorax had statistically significantly higher average initial FiO 2 (P<0.001). Initial ventilator settings were available for 103 of 114 patients without pneumothorax and 17 of 18 with pneumothorax. Given the importance of ventilator settings in PBT, we analyzed initial ventilator settings for patients with and without pneumothorax. Table 2 summarizes demographic and clinical characteristics as well as initial ventilator settings of patients with and without pneumothorax. Of the patients with and without pneumothorax, patients with pneumothorax had an average age of 57 (SD, 15.0) compared to those without pneumothorax with an average of 64 (SD, 12.4 P=0.04). Six of the 16 patients died with a pneumothorax of the 10 that survived the average time to resolution of pneumothorax was 2.7 days (SD, 2.4). Of these 16, pneumothorax occurred on the day of intubation in three cases in the remaining 13 the average time after intubation when pneumothorax developed was 14.9 days (standard deviation, 10.0). In 16 of 18 patients (89%), chronicity data was available and in all cases pneumothorax occurred after intubation. Moderate-to-large pneumothoraces were treated with chest tube insertion, while small pneumothoraces were observed with serial radiography to resolution. Figure 2 demonstrates pneumothoraces in patients infected with COVID-19. Ventilator settings including respiratory rate, PEEP, TV, and fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO 2) are also described in Table 1. Of the 132 patients studied, average age was 63 years (range, 25–90 years) 83 of 132 were male (62%), 18 had pneumothorax (14%), and 61 had died at 4 months after the data accrual period was completed (46%) ( Table 1). Finalized radiograph reports were used to identify if a pneumothorax was present each radiograph had been read for clinical use by a single attending radiologist, with experience ranging from 2 to 27 years. ![]() We performed retrospective chart review to obtain information on demographics, COVID-19 infection status, ventilator settings, and duration of intubation and outcome. All patients included in analysis were intubated during their hospitalization. Informed consent was not obtained given the retrospective nature of this study. Given the uncertainty of COVID-19 infection status on admission, this better captured COVID-19 status than International Classification of Diseases, tenth revision (ICD-10) codes at the time of this study. Under our HIPAA-compliant IRB-approved protocol (approved by the Columbia University Human Research Protection Office and Institutional Review Board, protocol number AAAS9652 approved March 16, 2020), we retrospectively queried our hospital’s medical record system for chest radiograph reports containing “endotracheal tube”, “ETT”, or “intubated” and “COVID-19” between Februand April 8, 2020.
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